Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials

Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials 2 -1  Introduction During the last ten years, nanoscience and nanotechnology have advanced rapidly in many aspects such as preparation and application of nanomaterials. A broad range of nanomaterials has been developed for varieties of applications ranging from microelectronics circuits, food science, medicines to aerospace exploration. Laser ablation in liquid Nanostructures such as particles, wires, and tubes have become the focus of intensive research owing to their unique applications in microscopic physics and chemistry and fabrication of nanoscaled devices. Therefore, to obtain various nanometer sized building blocks, a lot of self–assembly and synthesis processes have emerged in recent years. Similarly, laser ablation of solids in liquids opened a unique route to synthesize nanostructures. As a result, there has been rapid growth of studies on the formation of nanostructures by this technique in recent years. Laser ablation has been known since the invention of laser in 1960 as materials-processing technique. It was firstly developed after the invitation of ruby laser[26]. The last decade showed many experimental and theoretical investigations of laser ablation technique[27]. Laser ablation in liquid of solid targets conceders as new method that firstly presented in 1993[28]. Laser ablation in liquid top-down method described as the manufacturing of nanostructures with various sizes, compositions, and morphologies. Many types of targets such as (metals, alloys, oxides, carbides, hydroxides, etc.) and several surface structures (nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, nanocomposites, etc.) can be applied as a precursor. [29] The ablation of the target material by laser irradiation considered as a complex process. The ejected species of materials from the target surface induced by the interaction of short (~ nanoseconds picoseconds), intense (~106 to 1014 W/cm2) laser pulses at the surface. This probably useful in vacuum, gas, and liquid, providing that the gas or liquid does not strongly attenuate laser energy and the light intensity on the solid surface.[30] Laser ablation in liquid accomplished as a high power laser focused at the surface of the target material, which is immersed under laying a chosen liquid. The laser target interaction vaporized the surface and creates an ablation plume [31]. Atoms, ions, and clusters produces in the producing plume have the ability to travel in a high speed with high kinetic energy. The species that ejected from the solid target containing in the plume can react with molecules of the certain ambient liquid, making new structural material involves atoms from the original target and the liquid.[32] The combination effect of high intensity laser ranging in nanosecond, instant elevated temperatures and pressures within the reaction volume could thousands of K at tens of GPa [33]. This special condion of pressure, temperature, and laser parameters have the ability to produce a â€Å"brute force. This force define as a method of building new material that was incredible so far using techniques more modera te, and more traditional[32]. Figure(2-1) show a simple schematic of laser ablation in liquid. Fig.(2-1) illustrated laser ablation in liquid. [26] Laser ablation Mechanism: The initial step of laser ablation in liquid (LAL) process is the reaction of the laser light with the surface of the target material. The chemical reactions take place between the species in the plume and with Liquid environment molecules cause to collide, producing new compounds [1]. The results are naturally nanoparticles consist of atoms from the target and the liquid that suspended in the liquid. The aggregation accrues to the nanoparticles in the solution manufacturing a colloidal solution. Series reactions may occur with the laser radiation due to the colloidal solution, leading to further changes in the result structure, size and to the surface structure [34]. The plasma creates and restricted in the liquid, it expand adiabatically at supersonic velocity producing a shock-wave in front of it. This in turns will induce an additional, immediate pressure when it passes through the liquid. The temperature increasing in the plasma is the result of ‘laser-induced pressure’. According to local high temperature a small quantity of the neighboring liquid is vaporized creating bubbles inside the liquid. As evaporation of the material increased, and a bubble tends to expand, until the combination reaches certain critical temperature and pressure, the bubbles collapse [31] [27]. At the room temperature, when the localization pressure in the ambient liquid could not reach the vaporization pressure, the cavitation formed. It could be represented as a dynamic phenomenon which has an important role in producing nanoparticle. The cavitation caused by the elevated plasma pressure and directed towards balance pressure between in and outside the bubble. Figure (2-2) illustrated the generation of shock wave, cavitation bubble, and high-pressure plasma plume. [35] Fig. (2-2) Sketch of the laser plasma plume formation induced by LAL at different stages: (1) initial, (2) expansion, and (3) saturation.[35] The laser ablation process was discussed in details in figure (2-3). The creation of the spherical shock wave noticed in 0.7 µs after irradiating with Nd:YAG laser pulse. The shock wave propagate in the sound speed and the initial cavitation bubble creation noticed in figure (2-3 a). Temperature and pressure begun to increased, and cavitation bubble expanded with time. A significant phenomenon can be detected in Fig. 2-3b after 26 ÃŽ ¼s. It was the ejection of tiny bubbles from the main bubble. In figure (2-3 c) the bubble size reach to its maximum size after 90 ÃŽ ¼s, then cavitation bubble begun to collapse with time. The creation of a second shockwave was observed at around 186 ÃŽ ¼s as shown in figure (2-3 d), which was induced by the shrunk of the first bubble. The production of the second shockwave submits the raised up in temperature and pressure at the breakdown of the cavitation bubble. Then, the generation of another cavitation bubble as illustrated in figure (2-3 e) foll ows the production of the second shock wave. The expansion and contraction of the bubble is not standardized after a long period (>250 ÃŽ ¼s), and was not a hemispherical shape. The final form of the bubble is spherical completely as seen in figure (2-3 f), which was perceived at 2.4 ms.[36] Fig.(2-3) Time-resolved shadowgraphs at different delays after the laser pulse superimposed with images of laser light scattering[36]. 2-4.1 The advantage of Liquid phase laser ablation By comparison with traditional physical methods such as chemical vapor deposition and pulse laser deposition, etc. with laser ablation in liquid technique take high attention according the following characteristics: Any target material could be applied in LAL.[29] The intense laser pulse has the ability to reach the target material as the liquid is transpired to the laser.[37] Good crystalline nanoparticles presented in one–step process without graduated heat–treatments.[38] The ablated materiel can be atoms and ions in highly excited states being able to emit light. [29] The presence of liquid generated high pressure which produced high confinement to the particles in small sizes and high density are probable in the initial of the ablation.[39] The low cost and simple because of the absence of any vacuum equipment.[40][41] Simplicity gathering nanoparticles after the synthesis according to nanoparticles are kept as a colloidal result in liquid-phase laser ablation.[42] Using the colloidal production as a precursor for another chemical reaction, especially in the formation of the nano-particles.[43] Structure, size and form, and design of the manufactured nanostructures can easily control by changing laser parameters and practical supports.[44] The nanoparticles production applicable to use in optoelectronics, and medical application [45] 2-4.2 Limitations of liquid-phase laser ablation Despite of the unique features of laser ablation in liquid there are limitations. A problem of liquid-phase laser ablation is the difficulty method for controlling plasma properties [36]. The size distribution of the NPs prepared by this technique tends to be broadened due to agglomeration of nanoclusters and to the possible ejection of the relatively large target fragments during the laser ablation process [43]. Relatively low product yield is one of the main disadvantages associated with LAL. [26] parameters affected on laser ablation Many parameters can effect on laser ablation technique, some of them related to the solution such as: transparency and liquid depth. Other parameters related to laser: energy, time, and wavelength. 2-5.1 laser parameter It is found that for a certain laser energy applied and the ablation time increased the ejection particles decreases. For enlarging the ablation time, the growth of absorption intensity is observed. This behavior is related to the existence of scattering phenomena that reduce the essential absorption according to the increased concentration of nanoparticles per unit volume. Fig.(2-4) show the absorption peaks of indium oxide prepared by laser ablation in liquid at fixed laser flounce 3J/cm2 and different laser ablation (10, 30, 60, 120) min.[46] Fig.(2-4) UV–vis absorption spectra of the indium oxide at the fixed laser fluence of 3 J.cm−2 in 10, 30, 60 and 120 min. [46] This is occur due to the decreasing the transparency of the solution and the particles absorb the laser energy. Another factor affected on the laser ablation method at high laser fluence in LAL must be the absorption of the laser light through NPs suspension produced by LAL [37]. Figure (2-5) explain a simple schematic of colloidal absorption in the LAL process causing reduction in the size and formation efficiency. Fig.(2-5) Schematic illustration of colloidal absorption in the LAL process.[37] Another important laser parameter is the laser wavelength. It seems that the shorter wavelength laser such as UV-laser it gives lower ablation threshold of the flounce due to high absorbance. The long wavelength laser such as IR-lasers efficiently excites more free electrons in the plasma plume, so improve the ablation process [47]. The ablation process can be affected by the laser energy. Increasing the laser energy leads to a broader range of particle size can be obtained. This broad range because of increasing laser energy supplied more energy to the target that drives the material removal by process satisfied by melting. The interaction between laser beam and the melting material makes the droplets to fragment and quenching rapidly produced large nanoparticle [48]. To obtain accurate information about the size distribution of nanoparticles, fig.(2-6) show TEM images of InN-NCs obtained with a laser pulse energy of 8 mJ range from 5.9 to 25.3 nm (inset, Fig. 2-6a), the sizes of InN-NCs obtained with a laser pulse energy of 12 mJ range from 5.4 to 34.8 nm (inset, Fig. 2-6b), and the sizes of InN-NCs obtained with a pulse energy of 16 mJ range from 3.24 to 36 nm (inset, Fig. 2-6c). It should be noted that increasing laser energy leads to obtain more smaller particles.[20] Fig. 2-6 TEM images of the laser-generated InN-NCs under laser pulse energy values of 8 mJ (a), 12 mJ (b), and 16 mJ (c) with corresponding particle size distributions (insets). [20] 2-5.2 liquid parameter This parameter can effect on liquid phase laser ablation technique and its efficiency. The solution must be transparent to the laser wavelength in the case of vertical side irradiation. Even high purity water can absorb 20% of the overall laser energy at 1 cm depth. That means if the target placed very deep in the solution, the laser energy reaching the target could be very low [37].

I have a dream Speech Analysis Essay

In his speech Dr king says that â€Å"we have come to our nations capital to cash a check† king refers to a bad check as blacks not getting their full rights. they don’t get what was promised to them in the declaration of independence. king states how 100 years later the negro is still not free and still experiences â€Å" the flames of withering injustice.† he refers to the 100 years as the 100 anniversary of the signing of the emancipation proclamation signed by lincoln in 1963 which freed the slaves. king claims the bad check as having â€Å"insufficient funds† promised rights and justice. in his opening statements, king addresses thats they have come to cash a bad check. what he is referring to is the promised right in the declaration of independence. blacks were supposed to be promised rights which were guaranteed in the declaration of independence. â€Å"all men yes all men would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† blacks were promised rights in the DOFI but these have yet to be realized . he states that america has defaulted on a promissory note. america has yet to acknowledge this fact and probably are reluctant to do it. king also addresses the bad check as having â€Å"insufficient funds â€Å" king refers to the insufficient funds as the lack of freedom and equality for blacks all across america. â€Å" so we’ve come to cash this check check, a check that will give up upon the demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice† King feels that the insufficient funds is a problem and results in great social unbalance between whites and blacks throughout america. he feels that blacks should be given the same opportunities as their white counterparts. he also states that blacks refuse to believe the insufficient funds. â€Å" we refuse to that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation† king goes further by stating how he feels justice needs to be served in order  to correct this bad check. â€Å" now is the time to make justice a reality for all of god’s children, now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice† king feels that there is a â€Å"sweltering heat of injustice† in america, full of racial segregation and inequality. he states NOW is the time because blacks have waited to long to be acknowledged by whites and have the same things they can do. in conclusion, king wants this bad check to be cashed so that whites and blacks can be one with each other and â€Å"dine together at the table of brotherhood† blacks will be have their rights that were promised to all men in the declaration of independence, get rid of the insufficient funds of the bad check and solve the injustice that has plaqued america for years. now is the time for equality, now is the time for equal opportunity and freedom. king has a dream for the future and wants to see his dream come to fruition.

Throughout history, individuals from all over the world...

Throughout history, individuals from all over the world have been striving to come to America to live the â€Å"American Dream.† The American Dream can have different meanings but overall climbing the social ladder of success was the main goal. I selected the book, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby exposes society in the 1920’s and demonstrates how a dream can be corrupted in an era of decayed social and moral values. The American Dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness but has transformed into a materialistic vision of wealth, power, and expensive things. In the 1920’s earning money was easy, therefore social values corrupted the American dream. This novel reflects this idea as†¦show more content†¦While geographic locations of the East Egg and the West Egg show clear separation of classes, they would make an exception for parties. Fitzgerald portrays the newly rich individuals as vulgar, spoiled, cocky, and gaudy. Old money symbolized old fashioned Americans full of taste, grace, and sophistication. Gatsby envisioned his dream by hosting the most elaborate parties for everyone to come. He used his charm and knowledge to purchase the house right across the lake from Daisy. â€Å"Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes, and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor.† The Great Gatsby has many color symbolisms but green is the color that stands out most in this novel. This color portrays many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has throughout the story. It also depicts the urge to do better in life and to be successful. â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, no matter--tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther.† (Page 180, Chapter 9) The American Dream is originally about the discovery of happiness, but by the 1920s, this dream has become perverted into this desire for wealth by whatever means; mistaken that money will bring happiness. F. Scott Fitzgerald does not use the words â€Å"American Dream† in the novel, The Great Gatsby, but itShow MoreRelated Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesindex to his greatness† -Zadok Rabinwitz Jay Gatsby lives for his dreams. His dedication to making his dreams a reality, self-made fortune and social prestige, and the unquestionable love for Daisy Buchanan result in Jay Gatsby’s greatness. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, one can determine the world’s view of what greatness truly is. Jay Gatsby is not born great, nor is greatness thrust upon him, but he achieved greatness. Jay Gatsby represents the American Dream: life, loyalty,Read More Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Together they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himself, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreNicks Love for the Gatsby in The Great Gatsby684 Words   |  3 Pagesactions. But Jay Gatsby was unlike every other hollow person in the East, because he had something to live for, fight for, and dream for; Daisy Buchanan. His love for her gave him the strength to keep believing in the American dream and the drive to accomplish it. Gatsby restores Nicks faith in the people of the 1920s by showing him that not everyone is shallow and selfish, and that in order to live the American dream, hope and determination can not be lost. Nick’s love for Gatsby became more andRead MoreSynopsis Of Gatsby 1251 Words   |  6 Pages it is not lovâ„ ¯. To lovâ„ ¯ somâ„ ¯onâ„ ¯ is to â„Žold tâ„Žâ„ ¯m dâ„ ¯ar to onâ„ ¯ s â„Žâ„ ¯art. In Tâ„Žâ„ ¯ grâ„ ¯at gatsby, tâ„Žâ„ ¯ câ„Žaractâ„ ¯rs, Jay gatsby and Daisy Bucâ„Žanan arâ„ ¯ said to bâ„ ¯ in lovâ„ ¯, but in râ„ ¯ality, tâ„Žis sâ„ ¯Ã¢â€ž ¯ms to bâ„ ¯ a misconcâ„ ¯ption. In Tâ„Žâ„ ¯ grâ„ ¯at gatsby, Fitzgâ„ ¯rald portrays tâ„Žâ„ ¯ tâ„Žâ„ ¯mâ„ ¯s of lovâ„ ¯, lust and obsâ„ ¯ssion, tâ„Žrougâ„Ž tâ„Žâ„ ¯ câ„Žaractâ„ ¯r of Jay gatsby, wâ„Žo confusâ„ ¯s lust and obsâ„ ¯ssion witâ„Ž lovâ„ ¯. By tâ„Žâ„ ¯ â„ ¯nd of tâ„Žâ„ ¯ novâ„ ¯l â„Žowâ„ ¯vâ„ ¯r, Jay gatsby is dâ„ ¯niâ„ ¯d â„Žis lovâ„ ¯ and suffâ„ ¯rs an untimâ„ ¯ly dâ„ ¯atâ„Ž. Tâ„Žâ„ ¯ autâ„Žor intâ„ ¯rconnâ„ ¯cts tâ„Žâ„ ¯ râ„ ¯lationsâ„ŽipsRead MoreHomosexuality In Gatsby1138 Words   |  5 Pages Many people believe Nick has romantic feelings toward Gatsby, but many are in disbelief. There are various amounts of instances throughout the book where Nick makes unobvious homosexual comments or remarks. When this book was written, being homosexual was mistaken, very frowned upon, and even illegal. F. Scott Fitzgerald had to make the topic of homosexuality very quiet, just like the alcohol and the bootlegging. Alcohol and bootlegging are just as illegal as homosexuality, sp F. Scott FitzgeraldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby1168 Words   |  5 Pagesmust be born into it. Therefore in The Great Gatsby, by F-Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby fails to join the old money club because he exhibits his wealth to society. Gatsby possessions provides an indicator that he purchases items with eye appeal and flashiness which Old money typically never buys in order to impress or show off to others. They prefer to buy small non-noticeable items that skilled eyes will only know the true value of the merchandise. Gatsby on the other hand purchased a huge house withRead MoreAffairs, Nick, and Gatsby in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1255 Words   |  6 PagesNick is the narrative reader in The Great Gatsby. Gatz was a poor person that changes his name to Gatsby. Tom was a cheater and was unfaithful to Daisy. Daisy was a flirt and rich. Myrtle is a poor women that lived over her and her husband’s garage shop. Myrtle would let Tom push her around because he was a rich man that would let Myrtle forget that she was poor. â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear he cried. She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me (FitzgeraldRead More The Lying Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lying Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel, Jay Gatsby explains the type of character he is, through his lies. Gatsby acts out to be a man who has it all. The only item missing from Gatsby’s life is love. Love is the only true key to happiness with out it you are lost. Gatsby goes all out to be loved even if it means lying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gatsby shows his love, to the love of his life Daisy, who is in love with another man named Tom. Tom and Daisy are married, but Tom is havingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Gatsby And Quentin And The Great Gatsby 1753 Words   |  8 PagesJay Gatsby and Quentin Compson come from very different families, but they are similar in more ways than expected. There are a few differences between the two, such as their personalities and upbringings, but their similarities are worth examining. Gatsby and Quentin both have an obsessions with the past, a woman that they love, as well as a desire to solely possess this woman. By considering these characters from Sound and the Fury and The Great Gatsby together, important life lessons can be learnedRead MoreAn Analysis Of Gatsby And Quentin And The Great Gatsby 1755 Words   |  8 PagesJay Gatsby and Quentin Compson come from noticeably different families, but they are similar in more ways than expected. Their similarities are worth examining, despite the few differences between the two, such as their personalities and upbringings. Gatsby and Quentin both have obsessions with the past, the women that they love, as well as a desire to solely possess these women. By considering these characters from Sound and the Fury and The Great Gatsby together, important life lessons can be learned

Gender And Communication In Hemingwayrs Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1694 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hills Like White Elephants Essay Did you like this example? In Ernest Hemingwayrs short story, Hills Like White Elephants, Jig and her American boyfriend arent exactly the picture of a happy couple. Though sitting at a train station in Spain, enjoying the beautiful scenery and some cool drinks, the pair struggles to connect. While at first,it seems the American is simply disinterested by his partnerrs idle chattering, the reader soon comes to realize that they are really avoiding a topic which is difficult for both of them to discuss. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender And Communication In Hemingwayrs Story" essay for you Create order Having found that Jig is pregnant, she and the American are discussing the possibility of having an abortion, though because neither of them is willing to clearly state what he or she wants, the conversation is going nowhere and the tension that has been placed on their relationship persists. Because the man and girl, in stereotypical fashion, both function differently and expect different outcomes in the conversation, their gender-linked miscommunication only contributes to an uncomfortable situation and delays an agreement. In her exploration of the short story, Pamela Smiley focuses solely on the way both men and women generally communicate. She acknowledges the inefficiency of the circular noncommunication of strong gender-linked language difference (Smiley). As is often the case with women in conversation, Jig uses imprecise language, more focused on pleasing her listener than on the actual content shers relaying. Conversely, the American chooses his responses strictly for their cognitive contribution, careful to betray no emotion and to be as straight-forward as possible (Smiley). Smiley makes an assertion that supports both of these observations, explaining that feminine language tends to be relationship-oriented while masculine is goal-oriented. This is very important to understand when studying the exchange between Jig and the American at the train station. Jig, feeling the discomfort of her partner, is trying to take his mind off the situation by pointing out other things†the scenery, reminding him of experiences theyd shared like the trying of new drinks†but to him,she is childishly refusing to address the issue before them: her pregnancy. For example, when she points out that the hills look like white elephants, she is trying to draw him into a conversation, because to Jig, being engaged in conversation with him in a meaningful way will lessen her feelings of emotional separation. But the American instantly shuts down her attempts by simply replying, Ive never seen one, refusing to humor her with his conversation and igniting instead the somewhat jaded response: No, you wouldnt have (Anstendig and Hicks). Still, a reader must understand that, when judged by stereotypical male standards of conversation, as she is by the American, Jig seems to be, flighty, trivial, and differential (Smiley). While the American wants a decis ion made so that the couple can be fine afterward, just like [they] were before (Anstendig and Hicks), she keeps attempting to draw his attention elsewhere is avoidance of what is unpleasant. But Jig is not the only one who refuses to be frank about the decision that lies before them. Even when he succeeds in turning the conversation to the subject of the abortion, he never calls sit by its true name. Itrs really a simple operation Itrs not really an operation at all Itrs just to let the air in (Anstendig and Hicks), he says of what was, certainly at that time, a risky and invasive procedure. The euphemisms we choose to use tell us something about our values, and they tell us about what makes us uncomfortable (Silver), says Author Ralph Keyes in an interview about his book, Euphemania: Our Love Affair with Euphemisms. In the Americanrs case, the fact that he refuses to come out and say what the operation really is may just indicate that he is prepared for an aversive reaction on Jigrs part. But it may also indicate that he isnt as sure about the process as he wants her to believe. [Those who use these] incredible amounts of jargon try to deflect us † and maybe even themselves † about what theyre doing (Silver), so perhaps the American feels some semblance of guilt about potentially bullying his partner into the decision he wants her to make. Perhaps he realizes that his insistence on their relationship instantly resuming where they left off before the pregnancy is, in fact, impossible. Keyes could agree that any good counselor might say this couple has, unfinished business, issues which are only being aggravated when brought to the surface by such undeniab le circumstances. The American relies on the euphemism, letting the air in, to reduce tension, as a representation of a flight to comfort (Keyes). Still, at least they are talking about it, which is what he continually pushes for. Whoever controls the conversation has the power, and the American shifts power back to himself by ignoring Jigrs attempts at banter. Through his need to control the conversation, perhaps the assumption could be made that he is also grasping for control of their relationship because he feels trapped by her pregnancy (Smiley). Presumably unable to understand Spanish, Jig asks the American what the beaded curtain near them reads, giving him a chance to flaunt his knowledge, probably hoping that doing so will soothe his ego and allow them to forget the unpleasantness he seems determined to discuss. When things get strained, maintaining the relationship becomes her responsibility, requiring that she accommodate his communication style (Fulbright). And clearly,she does this by appealing to his sense of dominance in their relationship. Many of Jigrs statements are followed by questions like, wasnt that bright?, and isnt it? (Anstendig and Hicks) These are tag-end questions, attempts to pull him into the conversation and entice him to engage. But her dependence on him to know the language may make him feel that shers too dependent on him,in general,may remind him of the pregnancy, and her questions come across as clingy and insecure. She constantly seeks an answer as to what he wants, to which he responds with w hat he thinks, and while his short, dismissive answers force her to make her own decisions, to her they come across as insensitive (Smiley). But just as they are both guilty of talking around the topic at hand and for failing to understand the otherrs conversational needs, Jig inadvertently hurts her partner just as he does her. Thatrs all we do, isnt it†look at things and try new drinks? she asks, to which he replies that he guesses so (Anstendig and Hicks). But if men measure intimacy through actions rather than conversation, her reducing their time together to only trying new drinks and looking at things must feel like a dismissal to him, somehow unappreciative of the time theyve spent together. And he does try to make amends, reaching out to her in his own way by offering to stay with her during the procedure. Once again, if shared activity equals intimacy, then his offer to stay with Jig during the abortion is a gesture of love (Smiley). And while he does make her vague promises that come across as insincere†itrs perfectly simple, I dont want anyone else, I love you now but I just cant think about it, I w ont worry (Anstendig and Hicks) all this he says to console her, not meant to convey any real emotion because to a man that can only be demonstrated through action (Smiley), and he has already offered to attend the appointment with her. Smiley reports on research from the 1970rs which concluded that men and women often struggle to communicate because they speak different languages, women trying to connect emotionally and men only wanting to convey specific information. But in an article meant to debunk these claims, Dr. Yvonne K Fulbright cites research which finds that perhaps genders communicate differently only when in opposing conversational roles†differences dont necessarily appear when males and females are doing the same things or playing same roles (Fulbright). It does seem obvious to the reader that Jig wants the baby†she is more drawn to the scenic, fertile hills, baffled as to why her partner would want to throw away life†and the American wants her to get the abortion so they might shirk responsibility and resume their relationship as it was before. If they were on the same side of the issue, there wouldnt be tension, nor any misunderstanding as they attempt to navigate a grim subject. F ulbright clearly both resents and mocks that men are sized up as inarticulate, aggressive Neanderthals, incapable of feeling emotions and being sensitive while, women are criticized for being overly cooperative and caring doormats. Still, stereotypes become such for a reason, and it doesnt seem as though Hemingway supports those realities as much as he does reveal their lack of success. In his short story, Hemingway paints a scene of two lovers in a delicate situation, having found that she is pregnant and feeling oppositely drawn on how to handle it. Still, both parties are hesitant to discuss and both seem willing to defer to the other on the actual decision. They are torn between sides of themselves†a double-blind in which both parties vie for two solutions that cant both be achieved (Smiley). The American does want Jigrs happiness on some level, but he also wants her to get an abortion to ensure his continued freedom from responsibility. And she is so bent on pleasing him and maintaining their relationship as it was when she was pleased with it, that, at least when the story ends, she agrees to the abortion despite the fact that she clearly wants to keep the baby. Because both of them are torn, even within themselves as far as the decision is concerned, and both want to persuade the other without overtly forcing their solution on the situation, the conversation is a failed attempt at communication, further inhibited by their inability to engage at the emotional level on an issue that is so fueled by emotion. Even in the final lines of the story in which the American asks, do you feel better? it can be seen that he viewed her opinion as a problem and wasnt really listening all along.